These territories correspond to portions of the modern-day countries of Senegal, Mali, and Mauritania. At the height of its power in the eleventh century, the Empire of Ghana controlled lands from west of the Sénégal River to the Atlantic Ocean, south and east to the Niger River, and north to the empire’s natural boundary with the Sahara. The Empire of Ghana organized scattered people and territories into a confederation of kingdoms that was led by a warrior tribe and a dominant royal clan. The Empire of Ghana was the earliest of three major West African Sudanese empires active in sub-Saharan Africa in medieval times.
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